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Serverless Computing MCQs (Multiple-Choice Questions)

Practice Serverless Computing MCQs to test your knowledge of cloud computing architectures, event-driven applications, and managed infrastructure services. These questions cover Function as a Service (FaaS), serverless databases, event triggers, scalability, execution environments, and cloud security. They are useful for students, software developers, cloud engineers, and IT professionals preparing for technical interviews or strengthening their understanding of serverless technologies. The set includes both foundational concepts and practical application scenarios.

Serverless Computing MCQs

These Serverless Computing multiple-choice questions cover important concepts such as event-driven execution, automatic scaling, stateless functions, API gateways, serverless storage, monitoring, and cost management. This set combines conceptual, technical, and scenario-based questions to help test your understanding of how serverless applications are developed, deployed, and maintained.

Serverless Computing MCQs cover cloud functions, execution limits, cold starts, asynchronous processing, authentication, permissions, distributed systems, and fault handling. Each question includes an answer and explanation to help clarify the architecture and practical use of serverless computing services.

List of Serverless Computing MCQs

The following Serverless Computing multiple-choice questions cover FaaS, Backend as a Service (BaaS), event sources, function invocation, API integration, serverless databases, observability, security, and real-world serverless application scenarios.

1. What is serverless computing?

  1. A computing model that does not require any physical servers anywhere
  2. A model in which developers manage every server and operating system directly
  3. A cloud computing model in which the provider manages the underlying infrastructure and automatically allocates resources as needed
  4. A model that allows applications to run without executing code

Answer: C) A cloud computing model in which the provider manages the underlying infrastructure and automatically allocates resources as needed

Explanation:

Serverless computing allows developers to focus on application logic while a cloud provider manages server provisioning, infrastructure maintenance, and much of the scaling process. Servers still exist but are generally abstracted from the developer.

2. Which service model is commonly associated with serverless functions?

  1. Function as a Service (FaaS)
  2. Hardware as a Service (HaaS) only
  3. Desktop as a Service (DaaS) only
  4. Manual Server Administration as a Service

Answer: A) Function as a Service (FaaS)

Explanation:

FaaS allows developers to deploy individual functions that execute in response to events or requests. The cloud provider manages the execution infrastructure, while billing often depends on invocation count, execution duration, and allocated resources.

3. Which of the following is an example of a serverless computing service?

  1. Microsoft Paint
  2. Traditional desktop spreadsheet software
  3. A locally installed text editor
  4. AWS Lambda

Answer: D) AWS Lambda

Explanation:

AWS Lambda is a serverless compute service that runs code in response to supported events. Other examples of serverless function platforms include Azure Functions and Google Cloud Run functions.

4. What commonly triggers the execution of a serverless function?

  1. A requirement to restart every server manually
  2. An event, request, message, or scheduled invocation
  3. A change in monitor brightness
  4. The installation of a desktop wallpaper

Answer: B) An event, request, message, or scheduled invocation

Explanation:

Serverless functions are commonly event-driven. They can execute when an HTTP request arrives, a message is published, a file is uploaded, a database event occurs, or a scheduled task is triggered.

5. What is a major advantage of serverless computing?

  1. Reduced need to manage underlying servers and infrastructure
  2. Guaranteed zero execution cost for every application
  3. Unlimited execution time for every function
  4. Automatic elimination of all software bugs

Answer: A) Reduced need to manage underlying servers and infrastructure

Explanation:

Serverless platforms handle much of the infrastructure management, allowing development teams to concentrate on application functionality. However, developers remain responsible for application logic, permissions, reliability, and operational configuration.

6. What does automatic scaling mean in serverless computing?

  1. Every function must run on exactly one fixed server
  2. Developers must manually add a server for every new request
  3. The platform adjusts execution capacity according to demand and service limits
  4. The application permanently disables itself when traffic increases

Answer: C) The platform adjusts execution capacity according to demand and service limits

Explanation:

Serverless platforms can increase or decrease execution capacity based on incoming workloads. Actual scaling behavior depends on the service, concurrency settings, quotas, downstream dependencies, and workload characteristics.

7. What is a cold start in serverless computing?

  1. The process of shutting down a cloud region permanently
  2. The additional startup delay that may occur when a new execution environment must be initialized
  3. The process of deleting all application data
  4. The act of compiling every function manually after each request

Answer: B) The additional startup delay that may occur when a new execution environment must be initialized

Explanation:

A cold start may occur when a platform initializes an execution environment before running a function. Initialization tasks, runtime selection, package size, and network configuration can affect startup latency.

8. Why are serverless functions commonly designed to be stateless?

  1. To prevent them from processing input data
  2. To ensure that every invocation uses the same permanent server
  3. To eliminate the need for external services
  4. To allow invocations to run independently without relying on persistent local execution state

Answer: D) To allow invocations to run independently without relying on persistent local execution state

Explanation:

Stateless functions do not depend on data stored only in a previous invocation's local memory. Persistent state is typically stored in external databases, object storage, or caching services because execution environments may be reused, replaced, or terminated.

9. Which component commonly exposes serverless functions through HTTP endpoints?

  1. An API gateway
  2. A desktop calculator
  3. A local printer driver
  4. A screen saver

Answer: A) An API gateway

Explanation:

An API gateway can route HTTP requests to serverless functions and provide features such as authentication integration, request routing, throttling, and monitoring. Exact capabilities depend on the cloud platform.

10. Which cloud service is commonly used to execute event-driven functions on Microsoft Azure?

  1. Azure Virtual Desktop only
  2. Azure DNS only
  3. Azure Functions
  4. Azure Monitor only

Answer: C) Azure Functions

Explanation:

Azure Functions is a serverless compute service that supports event-driven execution. Functions can respond to triggers such as HTTP requests, timers, queue messages, and supported storage events.

11. What is Backend as a Service (BaaS)?

  1. A method of managing physical servers without software
  2. A model that provides managed backend capabilities such as authentication, databases, and storage
  3. A programming language used only for frontend development
  4. A network protocol for connecting printers

Answer: B) A model that provides managed backend capabilities such as authentication, databases, and storage

Explanation:

BaaS provides managed backend components that applications can use without building and maintaining every backend service themselves. It is often combined with FaaS to create serverless applications.

12. Which use case is well suited to serverless computing?

  1. Running an application that must always control its physical hardware directly
  2. Managing a permanently active operating system kernel manually
  3. Executing a workload that requires an unsupported, unlimited function duration
  4. Processing uploaded images automatically when new files arrive in object storage

Answer: D) Processing uploaded images automatically when new files arrive in object storage

Explanation:

File uploads can generate events that invoke serverless functions. A function can then validate, resize, analyze, or transform the uploaded image without requiring a continuously running application server.

13. How is serverless function execution commonly billed?

  1. Only according to the number of physical servers purchased
  2. Exclusively according to the size of the development team
  3. According to factors such as invocations, execution duration, and allocated resources, depending on the provider
  4. Only according to the number of lines in the source code

Answer: C) According to factors such as invocations, execution duration, and allocated resources, depending on the provider

Explanation:

Many serverless compute services charge according to usage metrics such as request count, execution time, and memory allocation. Additional services, networking, storage, and provisioned capacity may incur separate charges.

14. What is the purpose of an event source in serverless architecture?

  1. To generate an event or request that initiates or supplies work to a function
  2. To permanently store every function's local variables
  3. To replace the cloud provider's billing system
  4. To disable automatic scaling

Answer: A) To generate an event or request that initiates or supplies work to a function

Explanation:

An event source may be an HTTP endpoint, message queue, object storage service, database stream, or timer. The event carries information that the function uses to perform its task.

15. What is a key security responsibility when developing serverless applications?

  1. Giving every function administrator privileges
  2. Applying least-privilege permissions and protecting sensitive configuration
  3. Disabling all authentication checks
  4. Publishing access keys in source code

Answer: B) Applying least-privilege permissions and protecting sensitive configuration

Explanation:

Serverless applications still require careful security controls. Functions should receive only the permissions needed for their tasks, while credentials and secrets should be stored in appropriate secret-management systems rather than embedded in source code.

16. What is a serverless database?

  1. A database that does not store information
  2. A database that runs only on a developer's desktop
  3. A database that requires every user to manage physical disks directly
  4. A managed database offering in which infrastructure management and some capacity scaling are handled by the provider

Answer: D) A managed database offering in which infrastructure management and some capacity scaling are handled by the provider

Explanation:

Serverless databases abstract much of the underlying infrastructure management. Depending on the product, capacity may scale automatically, usage may be billed by consumption, and idle capacity may have reduced charges.

17. Which problem can occur when a serverless application receives a sudden burst of requests?

  1. Every request automatically succeeds regardless of dependencies
  2. The application permanently loses its source code
  3. Concurrency limits, throttling, or downstream service capacity may restrict request processing
  4. Cloud providers stop charging for all resources

Answer: C) Concurrency limits, throttling, or downstream service capacity may restrict request processing

Explanation:

Serverless scaling is subject to platform quotas and dependency limits. A large traffic burst may exceed available concurrency or overload databases and external APIs, so applications should use suitable limits, retries, buffering, and backpressure.

18. Why is external storage often used with serverless functions?

  1. Because local execution environments may not persist across invocations
  2. Because serverless functions cannot process data
  3. Because every function requires a separate physical hard drive
  4. Because external storage eliminates all security risks

Answer: A) Because local execution environments may not persist across invocations

Explanation:

Execution environments may be reused temporarily but should not be treated as durable storage. Databases, object storage, and other managed storage services provide more appropriate locations for data that must persist.

19. What is the main purpose of monitoring in a serverless application?

  1. To prevent all functions from executing
  2. To track metrics, logs, failures, latency, and resource usage
  3. To replace application testing completely
  4. To guarantee that no request will fail

Answer: B) To track metrics, logs, failures, latency, and resource usage

Explanation:

Monitoring helps developers understand application behavior and investigate operational issues. Useful signals include invocation counts, error rates, duration, cold starts, throttling, and dependency failures.

20. What is a common limitation of serverless functions?

  1. They can never respond to events
  2. They cannot access external databases
  3. They cannot be integrated with APIs
  4. They may have execution-duration, memory, package-size, and concurrency limits

Answer: D) They may have execution-duration, memory, package-size, and concurrency limits

Explanation:

Serverless platforms impose service-specific limits to manage execution resources. Developers must consider these constraints when selecting an architecture for long-running jobs, large workloads, or applications with strict latency requirements.

21. Which architecture pattern is commonly used to connect serverless functions with asynchronous tasks?

  1. Message queues
  2. Static desktop wallpapers
  3. Local keyboard drivers
  4. Screen-resolution settings

Answer: A) Message queues

Explanation:

Message queues decouple producers from consumers. A producer can submit a task to a queue, and a serverless function can process the message asynchronously, helping absorb traffic bursts and separate application components.

22. What is idempotency in serverless application design?

  1. Executing a task only when a server is physically restarted
  2. Ensuring every function must produce a different result on each call
  3. Designing an operation so repeated processing of the same request does not create unintended additional effects
  4. Disabling retries for every event source

Answer: C) Designing an operation so repeated processing of the same request does not create unintended additional effects

Explanation:

Events may be delivered more than once, and retries can cause a function to process the same message repeatedly. Idempotent operations use mechanisms such as request identifiers or conditional updates to avoid duplicate side effects.

23. What is the purpose of a dead-letter queue in a serverless architecture?

  1. To permanently disable successful functions
  2. To store messages that could not be processed successfully after configured attempts or delivery rules
  3. To replace every database in the application
  4. To increase the execution duration of every function automatically

Answer: B) To store messages that could not be processed successfully after configured attempts or delivery rules

Explanation:

A dead-letter queue provides a place for failed messages that cannot be processed under the configured delivery policy. It supports troubleshooting, controlled retries, and recovery without losing track of problematic events.

24. Which technique can help reduce cold-start latency in serverless applications?

  1. Increasing the number of unused dependencies in the deployment package
  2. Performing all initialization tasks repeatedly inside every request
  3. Removing all monitoring from the application
  4. Reducing unnecessary initialization and dependencies, or using an appropriate provisioned-capacity feature

Answer: D) Reducing unnecessary initialization and dependencies, or using an appropriate provisioned-capacity feature

Explanation:

Smaller deployment packages and lighter initialization can reduce startup work. Some platforms offer provisioned or pre-initialized execution capacity to reduce cold starts, although these options may add cost.

25. What is the purpose of a trigger in a serverless function?

  1. To define the event or condition that causes the function to execute
  2. To permanently store every function's output in memory
  3. To remove the need for source code
  4. To prevent users from invoking an application

Answer: A) To define the event or condition that causes the function to execute

Explanation:

A trigger connects a function to an event source, such as an HTTP request, timer, queue message, or storage event. Trigger configuration determines when and how the platform invokes the function.

26. Why should serverless functions avoid storing critical state only in global variables?

  1. Global variables cannot contain text
  2. Global variables always cause network failures
  3. Execution environments can be replaced, and concurrent invocations may not share the same in-memory state
  4. Cloud functions cannot execute conditional statements

Answer: C) Execution environments can be replaced, and concurrent invocations may not share the same in-memory state

Explanation:

Global variables may persist when an execution environment is reused, but that behavior should not be relied on for durable application state. Separate environments may have different memory, and concurrent invocations can introduce state-management problems.

27. What is the purpose of API throttling in a serverless application?

  1. To increase every request's payload size
  2. To limit the rate of requests and help protect services from overload
  3. To disable authentication permanently
  4. To guarantee unlimited concurrent execution

Answer: B) To limit the rate of requests and help protect services from overload

Explanation:

Throttling limits how many requests can be accepted within a given period. It can protect serverless functions and downstream dependencies from excessive traffic, accidental request floods, and some forms of abuse.

28. Which approach is appropriate for managing secrets in serverless applications?

  1. Writing passwords directly into publicly accessible source code
  2. Sending credentials to application logs for convenience
  3. Using the same unrestricted credential for every function
  4. Storing secrets in a managed secret store and granting access only to authorized functions

Answer: D) Storing secrets in a managed secret store and granting access only to authorized functions

Explanation:

Managed secret stores help protect credentials and support controlled access, auditing, and rotation. Functions should receive only the secrets they need, and sensitive values should not be exposed through logs or error messages.

29. What is the main benefit of separating serverless application logic into smaller functions?

  1. It can improve modularity, independent deployment, and reuse of application components
  2. It guarantees that every function will execute without errors
  3. It eliminates all communication between components
  4. It removes the need for application architecture

Answer: A) It can improve modularity, independent deployment, and reuse of application components

Explanation:

Small, focused functions can be easier to test, maintain, and deploy independently. However, splitting an application into too many functions may increase orchestration complexity, network calls, and debugging effort.

30. What is a major advantage of event-driven serverless architecture?

  1. It requires every component to run continuously
  2. It prevents asynchronous processing
  3. It allows application components to respond to events without requiring a permanently running server for each task
  4. It removes the need for event validation

Answer: C) It allows application components to respond to events without requiring a permanently running server for each task

Explanation:

Event-driven serverless systems execute work in response to events such as messages, file uploads, and API requests. This can reduce idle compute usage and help separate application components.

31. Which problem can arise when a serverless function calls a database too frequently?

  1. The function automatically gains unlimited memory
  2. The database may experience connection exhaustion, increased latency, or excessive costs
  3. The database permanently stops storing records
  4. The cloud provider removes all network restrictions

Answer: B) The database may experience connection exhaustion, increased latency, or excessive costs

Explanation:

Rapid scaling can create many concurrent database connections or requests. Connection pooling where supported, request batching, caching, concurrency limits, and appropriate database capacity can help manage this risk.

32. What is the purpose of a workflow orchestration service in serverless computing?

  1. To replace all application functions with manual tasks
  2. To prevent functions from calling other services
  3. To store every application's source code in a network switch
  4. To coordinate multiple steps, branching, retries, and error handling in a workflow

Answer: D) To coordinate multiple steps, branching, retries, and error handling in a workflow

Explanation:

Workflow orchestration services coordinate tasks across multiple functions and services. They can manage execution order, conditional branches, retries, timeouts, and failure paths for complex business processes.

33. Why is retry handling important in serverless applications?

  1. Temporary failures may occur, and retries can help complete work when it is safe to try again
  2. Retries guarantee that every request succeeds immediately
  3. Retries eliminate the need for error logging
  4. Retries always prevent duplicate processing

Answer: A) Temporary failures may occur, and retries can help complete work when it is safe to try again

Explanation:

Retries can help recover from temporary network errors or service interruptions. They should be configured with appropriate limits and backoff strategies, and functions should account for possible duplicate processing.

34. What is the purpose of a concurrency limit in serverless computing?

  1. To increase every function's execution time indefinitely
  2. To prevent all requests from being processed
  3. To control how many function executions can run simultaneously
  4. To remove all resource quotas from the platform

Answer: C) To control how many function executions can run simultaneously

Explanation:

Concurrency limits help manage resource usage and protect downstream services. Appropriate settings can reduce the risk of overwhelming databases or APIs while helping maintain predictable application behavior.

35. Which statement about serverless computing and containers is correct?

  1. Containers can never be used in serverless platforms
  2. Some serverless platforms support container-based workloads while managing the underlying infrastructure
  3. Using a container means that developers must always manage physical servers
  4. Containers automatically remove every application security vulnerability

Answer: B) Some serverless platforms support container-based workloads while managing the underlying infrastructure

Explanation:

Some managed serverless platforms can run containerized applications without requiring users to manage the underlying servers. The supported container formats, scaling behavior, runtime limits, and billing models depend on the provider.

36. What is an important consideration when designing serverless applications for reliability?

  1. Ignoring errors from all external services
  2. Assuming that every event is delivered exactly once
  3. Disabling all retries and monitoring
  4. Planning for failures, duplicate events, timeouts, and dependency outages

Answer: D) Planning for failures, duplicate events, timeouts, and dependency outages

Explanation:

Serverless applications depend on cloud services, event sources, and external APIs that may fail temporarily. Idempotency, timeouts, bounded retries, monitoring, and recovery procedures help improve reliability.

37. Which approach can help reduce unnecessary serverless computing costs?

  1. Right-sizing allocated resources, optimizing execution duration, and monitoring invocation patterns
  2. Increasing memory allocation for every function without measurement
  3. Keeping every function active even when no work exists
  4. Ignoring requests that generate unexpected charges

Answer: A) Right-sizing allocated resources, optimizing execution duration, and monitoring invocation patterns

Explanation:

Serverless cost optimization involves reviewing execution time, memory settings, invocation volume, retries, and downstream service usage. Resource changes should be measured because allocating more memory can sometimes improve execution speed enough to offset its higher per-unit cost.

38. What is the purpose of a serverless function timeout?

  1. To guarantee that every task finishes successfully
  2. To prevent a function from receiving any input
  3. To set a maximum permitted execution duration for an invocation
  4. To keep every execution environment running permanently

Answer: C) To set a maximum permitted execution duration for an invocation

Explanation:

A timeout prevents an invocation from running beyond a configured duration. Choosing an appropriate timeout helps control resource usage and detect operations that are taking longer than expected.

39. Why should developers validate event payloads received by serverless functions?

  1. To ensure that every event contains unlimited data
  2. To reduce the risk of malformed inputs, unexpected values, and security vulnerabilities
  3. To prevent all legitimate requests from being processed
  4. To eliminate the need for authorization

Answer: B) To reduce the risk of malformed inputs, unexpected values, and security vulnerabilities

Explanation:

Event payloads may originate from users, external systems, or other services. Input validation helps detect invalid data, enforce expected formats, and reduce risks such as injection attacks and unexpected application behavior.

40. Which situation is most appropriate for a scheduled serverless function?

  1. Running a program that must directly control unsupported hardware
  2. Maintaining an operating system kernel continuously
  3. Executing an interactive desktop application without a user interface
  4. Generating a daily report at a specified time

Answer: D) Generating a daily report at a specified time

Explanation:

Scheduled invocations are useful for recurring tasks such as report generation, cleanup, periodic data processing, and status checks. A timer or scheduling service can invoke the function without requiring a continuously running application server.

41. What is the main purpose of distributed tracing in a serverless application?

  1. To follow a request across multiple functions and services to identify latency and failures
  2. To increase the physical size of a server
  3. To remove all application logs
  4. To guarantee that every API request completes successfully

Answer: A) To follow a request across multiple functions and services to identify latency and failures

Explanation:

Distributed tracing connects activity across multiple components using trace and span information. It helps developers identify slow operations, failed dependencies, and delays in multi-step serverless workflows.

42. What is a major risk of giving a serverless function excessive permissions?

  1. It automatically increases the function's execution speed
  2. It prevents the function from accessing any service
  3. A compromised or misused function could access or modify resources beyond its intended responsibilities
  4. It guarantees that the application is compliant with every security standard

Answer: C) A compromised or misused function could access or modify resources beyond its intended responsibilities

Explanation:

Excessive permissions increase the potential impact of a vulnerability. Applying least privilege to function identities reduces unnecessary access to databases, storage, messaging systems, and other cloud resources.

43. Which approach is useful when a serverless function must process a large number of tasks asynchronously?

  1. Combining every task into one unlimited-duration function invocation
  2. Using a queue or stream with controlled consumers and appropriate retry handling
  3. Disabling all event sources
  4. Storing every task only in a function's local memory

Answer: B) Using a queue or stream with controlled consumers and appropriate retry handling

Explanation:

Queues and streams can buffer workloads and decouple producers from consumers. Controlled processing rates, retry policies, and dead-letter handling help manage large task volumes and recover from failures.

44. What is an important consideration when choosing between serverless computing and a traditional server-based architecture?

  1. Serverless is always cheaper for every workload
  2. Traditional servers can never scale automatically
  3. Serverless applications do not require security controls
  4. Workload duration, traffic patterns, operational requirements, performance, and total cost

Answer: D) Workload duration, traffic patterns, operational requirements, performance, and total cost

Explanation:

Serverless is often suitable for event-driven workloads and variable traffic, while continuously busy or specialized workloads may benefit from other deployment models. The decision should consider execution limits, latency, control requirements, and total operating costs.

45. What is the purpose of environment variables in serverless functions?

  1. To provide configuration values to the function at runtime
  2. To replace all application source code
  3. To guarantee that every variable is encrypted automatically
  4. To increase the number of available processors

Answer: A) To provide configuration values to the function at runtime

Explanation:

Environment variables can store configuration such as environment names, feature flags, and service endpoints. Sensitive credentials should be managed carefully and stored using appropriate secret-management facilities rather than treated as ordinary configuration.

46. Why is versioning useful when deploying serverless functions?

  1. It prevents developers from updating application code
  2. It eliminates the need for testing
  3. It supports controlled releases, rollback, and deployment of specific function versions
  4. It guarantees that every deployment is free from errors

Answer: C) It supports controlled releases, rollback, and deployment of specific function versions

Explanation:

Versioning helps teams identify specific function releases and manage changes safely. Depending on the platform, aliases, traffic shifting, and rollback mechanisms can support gradual deployments and reduce the impact of faulty updates.

47. What is the purpose of a circuit breaker pattern in a serverless application?

  1. To keep retrying a failing dependency without any limit
  2. To temporarily stop calls to a failing dependency and allow recovery
  3. To disable all application monitoring
  4. To permanently delete every failed request

Answer: B) To temporarily stop calls to a failing dependency and allow recovery

Explanation:

A circuit breaker helps prevent repeated calls to an unhealthy service. It can reduce wasted resources and allow recovery before requests resume, although its implementation may require shared state or orchestration depending on the architecture.

48. Which statement best describes observability in serverless computing?

  1. It means that applications never produce errors
  2. It refers only to measuring cloud storage capacity
  3. It eliminates the need to inspect application behavior
  4. It is the ability to understand system behavior through outputs such as logs, metrics, and traces

Answer: D) It is the ability to understand system behavior through outputs such as logs, metrics, and traces

Explanation:

Observability combines logs, metrics, traces, and related diagnostic information to help teams understand what is happening inside an application. It is particularly valuable when requests pass through multiple managed services and short-lived functions.

49. A serverless function processes 2,000 requests. Each invocation runs for 0.25 seconds. What is the total function execution time, excluding initialization, retries, and other overhead?

  1. 50 seconds
  2. 500 seconds
  3. 5,000 seconds
  4. 8,000 seconds

Answer: A) 500 seconds

Explanation:

Total execution time is the number of invocations multiplied by the duration of each invocation. Therefore, 2,000 × 0.25 = 500 seconds of aggregate function execution time. This total does not necessarily equal the elapsed wall-clock time because invocations may execute concurrently.

50. An online store uses a serverless function to process payment events from a message queue. The queue may deliver the same event more than once, and duplicate processing could charge a customer twice. What is the best solution?

  1. Disable all error handling and process every message immediately
  2. Store payment details only in the function's local memory
  3. Use an idempotency key or unique transaction identifier with durable state and ensure repeated events do not create additional charges
  4. Allow every retry to create a new payment transaction

Answer: C) Use an idempotency key or unique transaction identifier with durable state and ensure repeated events do not create additional charges

Explanation:

Message-driven serverless systems may process duplicate events because of retries or delivery behavior. A durable idempotency mechanism can identify previously processed payment requests and prevent duplicate charges. The payment provider's idempotency support, transactional state updates, and suitable failure handling should be used to maintain consistency.

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