Transport Layer: What It Is, Design Issues, Functions, and Example

Description and Functions of Transport Layer in the OSI model: In this tutorial, we are going to learn what the Transport layer is and the Functions of Transport Layer in the OSI model in Computer Networking. We will also discuss the Design issues with Transport Layer and the working of Transport Layer with the help of its diagram and an example. By Monika Jha Last updated : May 05, 2023

What is Transport Layer?

The Transport Layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model is responsible for end-to-end delivery over a network. Whereas the network layer is concerned with the end - to- end delivery of individual packets and it does not recognize any relationship between those packets.

This layer treats each packet independently because each packet belongs to a different message.
The transport layer ensures that each message should reach its destination completely and in order so that it maintains error and flow control to the source to destination to ensure proper data transmission.
The transport layer establishes a connection between two end ports. A connection is a single logical path from source to destination which is associated with all the packets in a message.
Transport Layer uses some standard protocols to enhance its functionalities are TCP(Transmission Control Protocol), UDP( User Datagram Protocol), DCCP( Datagram Congestion Control Protocol), etc.

This figure shows the relationship of the transport layer to the network and session layer.

Transport Layer

Design Issues with Transport Layer

The following are the design issues with transport layer:

Efficient delivery of data with proper correction.
From the technological changes separate all upper layers.
Managing error control and flow control.
Obtaining data from the Session layer, divide it into segments and transmit to the network layer.

Functions of the transport layer

Specific functions of the transport layer are as follows:

1. Service-point addressing

Computers often run many programs at the same time. Due to this, source-to-destination delivery means delivery from a specific job (currently running program) on one computer to a specific job (currently running program) on the other system not only one computer to the next.
For this reason, the transport layer added a specific type of address to its header, it is referred to as a service point address or port address.
By this address each packet reaches the correct computer and also the transport layer gets the complete message to the correct process on that computer.

2. Segmentation and Reassembly

In segmentation, a message is divided into transmittable segments; each segment containing a sequence number. This number enables this layer to reassemble the message.
Upon arriving at its destination system message is reassembled correctly, identify and replaces packets that were lost in transmission.

3. Connection Control

It can be either of two types:

Connectionless Transport Layer
Connection Oriented Transport Layer

3.1. Connectionless Transport Layer

This Transport Layer treats each packet as an individual and delivers it to the destination machine.
In this type of transmission, the receiver does not send an acknowledgment to the sender about the receipt of a packet. This is a faster communication technique.

3.2. Connection Oriented Transport Layer

This Transport Layer creates a connection with the Transport Layer at the destination machine before transmitting the packets to the destination.
To Create a connection following three steps are possible:
- Connection establishment
- Data transfer
- Connection termination

When all the data are transmitted connection is terminated. Connectionless Service is less reliable than connection Oriented Service.

4. Multiplexing and Demultiplexing

Multiple packets from diverse applications are transmitted across a network needs very dedicated control mechanisms, which are found in the transport layer.
The transport layer accepts packets from different processes. These packets are differentiated by their port numbers and pass them to the network layer after adding proper headers.
In Demultiplexing, at the receiver's side to obtain the data coming from various processes. It receives the segments of data from the network layer and delivers it to the appropriate process running on the receiver's machine.

5. Flow control

The transport layer also responsible for the flow control mechanism between the adjacent layers of the TCP/IP model.
It does not perform across a single link even it performs an end-to-end node.
By imposing flow control techniques data loss can be prevented from the cause of the sender and slow receiver.
For instance, it uses the method of sliding window protocol in this method receiver sends a window back to the sender to inform the size of the data is received.

6. Error Control

Error Control is also performed end to end like the data link layer.
In this layer to ensure that the entire message arrives at the receiving transport layer without any error(damage, loss or duplication). Error Correction is achieved through retransmission of the packet.
The data has arrived or not and checks for the integrity of data, it uses the ACK and NACK services to inform the sender.

Example of Transport Layer

This figure shows an example data coming from upper layers have service point addresses j and k ( j is the address of sending application and k is the address of the receiving application).
Since the data size is greater than the network layer can occupy. The data are divided into two packets. Each packet containing the service point addresses ( j and k).
In the network layer, network addresses (A and P) are combined with each packet.
The packet may travel on different paths and arrive at the destination either in order or out of order.
The two packets are transmitted to the destination network layer. This is responsible for removing the network layer headers.
Two packets are now passed to the transport layer, where they are combined for delivery to the upper layers.

Session Layer: What It Is, Design Issues, Functionalities

Application Layer: What It Is, Design Issues, Functionalities, and Example