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Excess-3 (XS-3) Code and Gray Code

Excess-3 (XS-3) Code and Gray Code: In this tutorial, we are going to learn about the Excess-3 and gray codes with examples. By Saurabh Gupta Last updated : May 10, 2023

Excess-3 Code

Excess-3 Code is a non-weighted BCD (8421) Code. Excess-3 Code is derived from 8421 code by adding 0011 (3) to all code groups. It is a sequential code, thus can be also used for performing arithmetic operations. Also, Excess-3 codes are self-complementing codes in nature. Therefore, subtraction by the method of complement addition is more direct in the XS-3 code than in 8421 BCD code. Like, BCD code, it also has six invalid states which are: 0000, 0001, 0010, 1101, 1110 and 1111.

Relationship Between Decimal, Binary, and XS-3 Numbers

The relationship between decimal numbers, binary numbers, and XS-3 numbers can be given as,

Decimal NumbersBinary NumbersExcess-3 Code (Binary Number + 0011)
000000011
100010100
200100101
300111100
401000111
501011000
610101001
701111010
810001011
910011100

Example: Represent (1548)10 in Excess-3 notation.

Solution

1 = 0001 + 0011 = 0100	5 = 0101 + 0011 = 1000
4 = 0100 + 0011 = 0111	8 = 1000 + 0011 = 1011

Therefore, (1548)10 = 0100 1000 0111 1011 in XS-3 form.

Gray Code

The Gray Code is a non-weighted code and is cyclic as well. It is referred to as cyclic because successive code words in this code differ by only one bit-position i.e., it is a unit distance code. It is also reflective. In many practical applications such as analog to digital conversion, unit distance codes are used.

Conversion of Binary Code into Gray Code

To convert Binary Code into Gray Code, one should have knowledge of truth table of XOR Gate which is as,

Binary to Gray code conversion | Example 1

Now, the MSB of the binary number is copied as it is and then we perform XOR operation for consecutive bits in a pair of two.

Example 1: Convert (1001)2 into Gray Code

Solution

Therefore, (1001)2 = (1101)g in gray code.

Binary to Gray code conversion | Example 2

Example 2: Convert (10)10 into Gray Code

Solution

Firstly, we convert decimal number to binary number and then convert binary to gray code.

Binary to Gray code conversion | Example 3

Therefore (10)10 = (1111)g

Conversion of Gray Code into Binary Number

The MSB of Gray code is copied as it to be the MSB bit of binary number which is then XORed with the next bot of gray code, the result is recorded as the next bit of binary number, now this recorded bit is XORed with the next bit of gray code and this process is continued till the LSB is obtained.

Example 1: Convert (110011100)g to binary number

Solution

Binary to Gray code conversion | Example 4

Therefore, (110011100)g = (10010111)2

Example 2: Convert (101010101)g to binary number

Solution

Binary to Gray code conversion | Example 5

Therefore, (101010101)g = (110011001)2




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