Estimating and Costing MCQs (Multiple-Choice Questions) and Answers

1. What is the purpose of estimating in civil engineering?

1. To precisely determine project costs
2. To forecast potential project expenses
3. To ensure regulatory compliance
4. To monitor project progress

Answer: B) To forecast potential project expenses

Explanation:

Estimating helps forecast potential project expenses by analyzing various factors such as materials, labor, and equipment costs.

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2. Which estimating technique relies on historical data from similar projects to estimate costs?

1. Bottom-up estimating
2. Three-point estimating
3. Analogous estimating
4. Parametric estimating

Answer: C) Analogous estimating

Explanation:

Cost estimates from comparable projects are based on past data when using analogous estimation.

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3. Which estimate involves the assessment of quantities of materials required for construction, such as concrete, steel, or bricks?

1. Quantity estimate
2. Supplementary estimate
3. Detailed estimate
4. Revised estimate

Answer: A) Quantity estimate

Explanation:

Determine the amounts of different building materials required based on project specifications and drawings. This process is known as quantity surveying or quantity estimation.

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4. When a project undergoes significant changes, leading to adjustments in its cost, which type of estimate is prepared to reflect these alterations?

1. Revised estimate
2. Quantity estimate
3. Complete estimate
4. Preliminary estimate

Answer: A) Revised estimate

Explanation:

Revised estimates are prepared when substantial changes occur in a project, necessitating adjustments to the initial cost estimations to reflect the new scope or requirements.

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5. Which type of estimate is prepared when additional work beyond the original project scope is required, leading to an increase in project costs?

1. Detailed estimate
2. Supplementary estimate
3. Preliminary estimate
4. Quantity estimate

Answer: B) Supplementary estimate

Explanation:

When unexpected events or more work crop up throughout the building process, supplemental estimates are made to account for them, which drives up project prices.

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6. Which type of estimate is prepared with detailed item-wise calculations and measurements, offering a precise breakdown of all project expenses?

1. Preliminary estimate
2. Revised estimate
3. Quantity estimate
4. Detailed estimate

Answer: D) Detailed estimate

Explanation:

Detailed estimates provide itemized calculations and measurements for all project expenses, offering a precise breakdown of costs for each component involved in construction.

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7. Which type of estimate provides a detailed breakdown of all project costs?

1. Revised estimate
2. Quantity estimate
3. Complete estimate
4. Preliminary estimate

Answer: C) Complete estimate

Explanation:

All project costs, including those for supplies, labor, equipment, and overhead, are broken out in detail in the complete estimate.

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8. Which type of estimate is prepared to account for ongoing maintenance expenses?

1. Quantity estimate
2. Preliminary estimate
3. Annual maintenance estimate
4. Complete estimate

Answer: C) Annual maintenance estimate

Explanation:

An annual maintenance estimate is prepared to account for ongoing maintenance expenses associated with a construction project or facility.

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9. In detailed estimating, which factor is influenced by local labor charges?

1. Availability of materials
2. Quality control measures
3. Project duration
4. Equipment rental rates

Answer: C) Project duration

Explanation:

Project duration is influenced by local labor charges, as higher labor costs may extend the duration of the project, thus impacting the overall cost estimation.

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10. Which factor is directly influenced by local labor charges during cost estimation?

1. Site topography
2. Material quality
3. Worker safety measures
4. Project budget

Answer: D) Project budget

Explanation:

The project budget is directly impacted by local labor charges, as higher labor costs can significantly affect the overall project cost estimation.

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11. When estimating transportation costs for materials, what is essential to consider?

1. Site aesthetics
2. Road infrastructure
3. Environmental regulations
4. Nearby tourist attractions

Answer: B) Road infrastructure

Explanation:

Road infrastructure is critical to consider for estimating transportation costs, as poor road conditions or lack of access routes can increase transportation expenses.

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12. When preparing a detailed estimate, what should be considered regarding the availability of materials?

1. Distance to the nearest hospital
2. Site security measures
3. Source reliability
4. Proximity to educational institutions

Answer: C) Source reliability

Explanation:

Source reliability is crucial for estimating costs, as unreliable material sources can lead to delays and increased expenses during construction.

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13. In earthwork filling, what does compaction primarily affect?

1. The organic content
2. The moisture content
3. The density of the soil
4. The color of the soil

Answer: C) The density of the soil

Explanation:

By decreasing air spaces, compaction raises the density of the soil, improving its strength and stability.

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14. Why is shoring required during excavation?

1. To decorate the site
2. To drain water from the site
3. To support the soil and prevent collapse
4. To mix concrete

Answer: C) To support the soil and prevent collapse

Explanation:

To keep the area safe and prevent collapses, shoring temporarily supports the earth around excavations.

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15. What is the key consideration when estimating brickwork in arches?

1. Color of the bricks
2. Type of mortar used
3. Weight of each brick
4. Radius and number of bricks in the arch

Answer: D) Radius and number of bricks in the arch

Explanation:

Estimating brickwork in arches involves calculating the radius and the number of bricks required to form the curved structure accurately.

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16. Where is honeycomb brickwork typically used?

1. For decorative purposes only
2. In the construction of retaining walls
3. For underwater structures
4. In walls requiring ventilation and reduced weight

Answer: D) In walls requiring ventilation and reduced weight

Explanation:

Honeycomb brickwork is used where ventilation is needed, such as in boundary walls, and where reducing the weight of the wall is beneficial.

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17. What is the main purpose of brick flat soling?

1. To provide a smooth surface
2. To serve as a base for flooring
3. To prevent water seepage
4. To add decorative elements

Answer: B) To serve as a base for flooring

Explanation:

Brick flat soling is used to provide a firm and level base for laying floors, enhancing the stability and strength of the floor above.

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18. Which phase of a project typically requires the highest degree of accuracy in cost estimating?

1. Preliminary design phase
2. Conceptual design phase
3. Detailed design phase
4. Feasibility study phase

Answer: C) Detailed design phase

Explanation:

During the detailed design phase, the project scope and specifications are well-defined, requiring a higher degree of accuracy to ensure precise cost estimation.

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19. What is a common method used to improve the degree of accuracy in estimating costs?

1. Using rough estimates
2. Ignoring contingency factors
3. Relying on past project data only
4. Applying standard unit costs and detailed quantity take-offs

Answer: D) Applying standard unit costs and detailed quantity take-offs

Explanation:

Detailed quantity take-offs and the application of standard unit costs lead to more accurate and reliable cost estimates.

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20. Which tool or technique is often used to ensure a higher degree of accuracy in cost estimates for large projects?

1. Simple averaging
2. Parametric estimating
3. Analogous estimating
4. Rough order of magnitude estimating

Answer: B) Parametric estimating

Explanation:

Parametric estimating uses statistical relationships between historical data and other project variables to enhance the accuracy of cost estimates for large projects.

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21. Which factor does NOT significantly influence the degree of accuracy in cost estimation?

1. Color of the project documents
2. Experience and expertise of the estimator
3. Variability of material costs
4. Quality of the project design

Answer: A) Color of the project documents

Explanation:

The color of the project documents does not influence the accuracy of cost estimation. The other factors listed are critical to achieving accurate estimates.

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22. Which of the following is a potential consequence of a low degree of accuracy in cost estimating?

1. Enhanced project performance
2. Increased stakeholder confidence
3. Significant cost overruns
4. Reduced project scope

Answer: C) Significant cost overruns

Explanation:

Budget problems and possible project delays might arise from cost overruns caused by inaccurate cost estimation.

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23. Which method is commonly used when the walls are of varying thickness and lengths?

1. Centre Line Method
2. Long and Short Wall Method
3. Crossing Method
4. Out to Out and In to In Method

Answer: B) Long and Short Wall Method

Explanation:

This method accommodates walls of different thicknesses and lengths, ensuring precision in the estimation process.

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24. Which method is particularly useful for buildings with symmetrical and repetitive structures?

1. Long and short wall method
2. Centre line method
3. Crossing method
4. None of the above

Answer: C) Crossing method

Explanation:

The Centre line method is effective for symmetrical and repetitive structures because it allows for simpler calculations.

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25. The crossing method is primarily used for estimating which type of structural element.

1. Foundations
2. Beams and columns
3. Roofs
4. Walls

Answer: B) Beams and columns

Explanation:

The crossing method is often used for beams and columns where intersecting lines can simplify calculations.

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26. Which type of foundation is most suitable for a residential building on stable, level ground?

1. Pile foundation
2. Raft foundation
3. Strip foundation
4. Floating foundation

Answer: C) Strip foundation

Explanation:

Since they offer sufficient support for the load-bearing walls, strip foundations are frequently utilized for residential structures on flat, stable terrain.

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27. Which material is primarily used for roofing in modern residential construction due to its durability and weather resistance?

1. Asphalt shingles
2. Clay tiles
3. Thatch
4. Metal sheets

Answer: D) Metal sheets

Explanation:

Metal roofing sheets are a common choice due to their extended lifespan, tolerance to weather, and durability.

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28. Which type of foundation is typically used for buildings on weak soil?

1. Strip foundation
2. Pad foundation
3. Raft foundation
4. Pile foundation

Answer: D) Pile foundation

Explanation:

To shift the weight to deeper, more stable strata in poor soil, pile foundations are utilized.

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29. What is the primary function of a roof truss in construction?

1. Moisture resistance
2. Structural support
3. Aesthetic design
4. Thermal insulation

Answer: B) Structural support

Explanation:

The structural support required to support the weight of the roof and move it to the walls is provided by roof trusses.

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30. Which material is most commonly used for wall putty?

1. Polyurethane
2. Gypsum
3. Lime
4. Cement

Answer: B) Gypsum

Explanation:

Gypsum-based wall putty is widely used to create a smooth and even surface before painting.

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31. What type of hinge is typically used for doors to ensure smooth operation?

1. Butt hinge
2. Concealed hinge
3. Pivot hinge
4. Continuous hinge

Answer: A) Butt hinge

Explanation:

Butt hinges are commonly used for doors due to their simplicity and effective functionality.

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32. In estimating the cost of bricks for a pump house, which of the following factors is the least likely to affect the cost per brick?

1. Cost of transportation
2. Location of the construction site
3. Type of bonding used in brickwork
4. Size of the bricks

Answer: C) Type of bonding used in brickwork

Explanation:

The type of bonding affects the overall amount of mortar and labor but not the cost per individual brick directly.

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33. What is the purpose of adding a wastage percentage in material estimation?

1. To cover unexpected project delays
2. To account for damaged or unusable materials
3. To provide a safety margin for labor costs
4. To adjust for changes in material prices

Answer: B) To account for damaged or unusable materials

Explanation:

Adding wastage percentage ensures that the estimated materials cover any potential losses due to breakage or errors.

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34. What factor is most critical when estimating the cost of cement for mortar in a pump house?

1. Cement brand
2. Cement grade
3. Mixing technique
4. Distance from the cement plant

Answer: B) Cement grade

Explanation:

The grade of cement determines its strength and suitability for construction, which directly impacts the cost.

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35. Which of the following costs is not typically included in the direct costs of constructing a pump house?

1. Material costs
2. Equipment rental
3. Labor costs
4. Project management fees

Answer: D) Project management fees

Explanation:

Project management fees are considered indirect costs as they are not directly tied to the physical construction process.

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36. What is the main advantage of using High Alumina Cement in construction?

1. Low cost
2. Low heat of hydration
3. High availability
4. Rapid setting and high early strength

Answer: D) Rapid setting and high early strength

Explanation:

High Alumina Cement offers a rapid setting and high early strength, making it advantageous for time-sensitive projects.

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37. Which type of cement is most commonly used in general construction applications where a moderate rate of setting and strength development is sufficient?

1. Normal-setting Portland cement
2. Quick-setting Portland cement
3. Low-heat Portland cement
4. Rapid-hardening Portland cement

Answer: A) Normal-setting Portland cement

Explanation:

Normal-setting Portland cement is the standard choice for most general construction projects, offering a balanced combination of setting time, strength development, and versatility.

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38. Which type of cement is suitable for applications requiring reduced heat generation during hydration, such as in massive foundation elements?

1. Normal setting Portland cement
2. Quick-setting Portland cement
3. Low-heat Portland cement
4. Rapid-hardening Portland cement

Answer: C) Low-heat Portland cement

Explanation:

Low-temperature Portland cement is perfect for large concrete parts where excessive heat buildup can cause cracking since it is specially engineered to limit heat output during hydration.

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39. Which type of aggregate is derived from natural sources and has not been subjected to any artificial process?

1. Manufactured aggregate
2. Synthetic aggregate
3. Natural aggregate
4. Recycled aggregate

Answer: C) Natural aggregate

Explanation:

Quarries, pits, and rivers are examples of naturally occurring sources from which natural aggregates can be derived.

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40. In aggregate grading, what does the term 'maximum size' refer to?

1. The smallest particle size in the aggregate mix
2. The largest particle size in the aggregate mix
3. The size of the aggregate container
4. The average particle size in the aggregate mix

Answer: B) The largest particle size in the aggregate mix

Explanation:

The maximum size indicates the largest particle size present in the aggregate mix.

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41. In concrete mix design, what effect does a poorly graded aggregate have on the final product?

1. Decreased workability and increased water demand
2. Enhanced bond strength with reinforcement
3. Reduced bleeding and segregation
4. Improved strength and durability

Answer: A) Decreased workability and increased water demand

Explanation:

Poorly graded aggregate can result in decreased workability and increased water demand in concrete mixes.

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42. In the context of estimating costs, what does the term 'material proportion' refer to?

1. The ratio of materials used in a construction mix
2. The weight of materials about the total project weight
3. The quantity of materials required for a specific project
4. The cost of materials per unit volume

Answer: A) The ratio of materials used in a construction mix

Explanation:

The relative amounts of various components, such as aggregate, sand, and cement, in a mixture are referred to as material proportion.

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43. In estimating costs for a project, why is it important to accurately determine material proportions?

1. To simplify procurement processes
2. To minimize waste and optimize resources
3. To comply with building regulations
4. To ensure structural stability

Answer: B) To minimize waste and optimize resources

Explanation:

Accurate material proportions help in efficient resource utilization, minimizing waste and cost overruns.

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44. Which of the following factors does not affect the bulking of sand?

1. Moisture content
2. Particle shape
3. Compaction effort
4. Particle size distribution

Answer: C) Compaction effort

Explanation:

Compaction effort refers to the energy applied during compaction, which is not directly related to the bulking phenomenon.

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45. What precautions should be taken while estimating the quantity of bulking sand for construction projects?

1. Ignore the bulking factor to avoid overestimation
2. Account for the bulking factor to avoid underestimation
3. Adjust bulking factor based on particle shape
4. Use bulking factor only for fine sand

Answer: B) Account for the bulking factor to avoid underestimation

Explanation:

It's essential to consider the bulking factor while estimating sand quantity to ensure accurate project planning and material procurement.

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46. Which of the following parameters is NOT typically used to assess the quality of water for construction purposes?

1. pH level
2. Total Dissolved Solids
3. Turbidity
4. Air pressure

Answer: D) Air pressure

Explanation:

Air pressure does not directly relate to water quality assessment for construction.

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47. What does a high slump value indicate during the Slump Test?

1. Low workability
2. Excessive water content
3. Proper proportion of aggregates
4. Insufficient mixing time

Answer: B) Excessive water content

Explanation:

A high slump number indicates that there may be too much water in the concrete mix, which might result in less durable and strong concrete.

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48. What is the recommended number of layers for rodding the concrete during the Slump Test?

1. One layer
2. Two layers
3. Three layers
4. Four layers

Answer: C) Three layers

Explanation:

ASTM guidelines recommend rodding the concrete in three equal layers to ensure proper compaction and accurate slump measurement.

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49. What is the term for the process of ensuring proper end anchorage of reinforcement bars during construction?

1. Bar splicing
2. Bar bending
3. Bar lapping
4. Bar hooking

Answer: A) Bar splicing

Explanation:

Bar splicing refers to the process of securely connecting reinforcement bars, including ensuring proper end anchorage, during construction to maintain the structural integrity of the concrete.

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50. Which of the following factors does not influence the cost estimation of door and window frames?

1. Material type
2. Paint color
3. Frame dimensions
4. None of the above

Answer: B) Paint color

Explanation:

While paint color may affect the overall appearance, it typically does not significantly impact the cost estimation of door and window frames.

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51. In the context of cost estimation, what does the term "joinery" refer to regarding door and window frames?

1. Material selection
2. Installation labor
3. Painting process
4. Woodwork detailing

Answer: D) Woodwork detailing

Explanation:

Joinery refers to the detailed woodworking involved in crafting door and window frames, which affects the overall cost.

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52. What is the purpose of providing a sill in a window frame?

1. Thermal insulation
2. Aesthetic enhancement
3. Weatherproofing
4. Structural support

Answer: C) Weatherproofing

Explanation:

The sill in a window frame helps to prevent water ingress and ensures proper drainage, contributing to weatherproofing.

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53. Which of the following is NOT typically included in the cost estimation of a battened ledged door leaf?

1. Hardware such as locks and handles
2. Labor charges for installation
3. Transportation costs
4. Cost of land for construction

Answer: D) Cost of land for construction

Explanation:

The cost of land is not directly related to the construction of a door leaf and thus not included in its estimation.

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54. Which method is commonly used for estimating the cost of a battened ledged door leaf?

1. Comparative method
2. Unit method
3. Cubic method
4. Area method

Answer: B) Unit method

Explanation:

The unit method, which involves estimating costs based on standard units of measurement, is commonly used for door leaf cost estimation.

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55. When estimating the cost of a battened ledged door leaf, why is it important to consider the door dimensions?

1. To determine the number of hinges required
2. To calculate the amount of paint needed
3. To assess the overall project budget
4. To accurately determine material quantities

Answer: D) To accurately determine material quantities

Explanation:

Door dimensions directly impact the quantity of materials required for construction, hence influencing cost estimation.

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56. When estimating the cost of a parallel door shutter, why is it important to account for wastage?

1. To ensure precise measurements
2. To minimize material and cost wastage
3. To increase the durability of the door shutter
4. To speed up the construction process

Answer: B) To minimize material and cost wastage

Explanation:

Accounting for wastage helps in optimizing material usage and reducing unnecessary expenses during construction.

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57. Which method is commonly used for estimating the cost of a parallel door shutter?

1. Market survey
2. Trial and error
3. Random selection
4. Guesswork

Answer: A) Market survey

Explanation:

Conducting a market survey involves gathering information on the prices of materials and labor in the current market, which is a standard method for estimating costs.

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58. Which factor is NOT typically considered when estimating the cost of a Venetian window shutter?

1. Installation complexity
2. Type of material used
3. Manufacturer's warranty
4. Size of the window

Answer: C) Manufacturer's warranty

Explanation:

While the manufacturer's warranty may influence the overall decision, it is not directly factored into the estimation of the shutter cost.

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59. Which method is commonly used to estimate the cost of a Venetian window shutter?

1. Market analysis
2. Quantity takeoff
3. Risk assessment
4. Value engineering

Answer: B) Quantity takeoff

Explanation:

Quantity takeoff involves calculating the quantity of materials required and multiplying it by their respective unit costs to estimate the total cost.

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60. Which stage of the construction process is most suitable for estimating the cost of a glazed window shutter?

1. Pre-construction phase
2. Design development phase
3. Post-construction phase
4. Construction phase

Answer: B) Design development phase

Explanation:

Estimating costs during the design development phase allows for early budget planning and adjustments to the design if necessary to meet budget constraints.

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61. Which window fitting is designed to allow ventilation while preventing insects from entering?

1. Window latch
2. Window screen
3. Window hinge
4. Window stopper

Answer: B) Window screen

Explanation:

Mesh covers called window screens are put over windows to let in air while keeping insects out.

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62. What window fitting is used to facilitate easy opening and closing of a window sash?

1. Window stopper
2. Window hinge
3. Window latch
4. Window handle

Answer: D) Window handle

Explanation:

Window handles are mechanisms attached to window sashes to allow users to open and close them with ease.

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63. What does IS 200 cover in the context of civil engineering?

1. Design principles for bridges
2. Guidelines for road construction
3. Standards for electrical installations
4. Method of measurement for water supply and sanitary works

Answer: D) Method of measurement for water supply and sanitary works

Explanation:

IS 200 specifically outlines the method of measurement for water supply and sanitary works in civil engineering projects.

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64. According to IS 200, what is the purpose of measuring water supply and sanitary works?

1. To assess the environmental impact
2. To calculate labor costs only
3. To determine the total cost of the project
4. To estimate material costs only

Answer: C) To determine the total cost of the project

Explanation:

Measurement of water supply and sanitary works helps in determining the overall cost of the construction project.

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65. Which of the following is NOT covered under water supply and sanitary works according to IS 200?

1. Installation of water tanks
2. Fitting of bathroom fixtures
3. Construction of swimming pools
4. Laying of sewer pipes

Answer: C) Construction of swimming pools

Explanation:

Swimming pool construction is not typically included under water supply and sanitary works as defined by IS 200.

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66. In IS 200, what are Effluent Drains primarily used for?

1. Transporting drinking water
2. Disposing of industrial waste
3. Filtering rainwater
4. Irrigating agricultural fields

Answer: B) Disposing of industrial waste

Explanation:

Effluent Drains are designed to dispose of industrial waste according to IS 200 standards.

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67. In estimating costs for a construction project, what does a memory well primarily rely on?

1. Advanced software algorithms
2. Comprehensive project documentation
3. Previous project experience
4. High-speed internet connection

Answer: C) Previous project experience

Explanation:

Memory well heavily depends on the experience gained from previous projects, enabling estimators to make informed decisions.

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68. What strategies can enhance the memory well of a civil engineer in estimating costs?

1. Increasing caffeine intake
2. Attending cost estimation workshops
3. Practicing mnemonic techniques
4. Regular physical exercise

Answer: C) Practicing mnemonic techniques

Explanation:

Mnemonic techniques, such as visualization or chunking, can aid in improving memory retention for cost estimation purposes.

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69. Which of the following tools is commonly used for tracking project timelines in civil engineering?

1. Cost estimation software
2. Gantt charts
3. Concrete mix design calculators
4. Structural analysis software

Answer: B) Gantt charts

Explanation:

Civil engineers frequently use Gantt charts to visually describe project deadlines and monitor progress over time.

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70. What is the purpose of memory well in estimating costs?

1. To store historical data
2. To track project progress
3. To facilitate accurate cost estimation
4. To organize project documentation

Answer: C) To facilitate accurate cost estimation

Explanation:

Memory well helps in storing and retrieving relevant data that aids in making accurate cost estimations for construction projects.

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71. Which factor is NOT typically considered when tracking project timelines in civil engineering?

1. Labor productivity
2. Material availability
3. Weather conditions
4. Project profitability

Answer: D) Project profitability

Explanation:

Project profitability is not directly related to tracking project timelines, as it primarily concerns financial aspects such as costs and revenues.

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72. What is a Yard Gully primarily used for in civil engineering?

1. Stormwater drainage
2. Sewage disposal
3. Electrical conduit protection
4. Foundation reinforcement

Answer: A) Stormwater drainage

Explanation:

Yard Gullies are designed to collect and divert excess rainwater away from building foundations, preventing waterlogging and potential structural damage.

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73. Which of the following is NOT a potential problem associated with Yard Gullies?

1. Corrosion
2. Blockages
3. Infiltration of tree roots
4. Soil compaction

Answer: D) Soil compaction

Explanation:

Soil compaction is not typically a direct problem associated with Yard Gullies; however, it may indirectly affect their performance if proper backfilling and compaction procedures are not followed.

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74. What is the purpose of a rodding eye in a Yard Gully?

1. To increase structural integrity
2. To facilitate cleaning and maintenance
3. To regulate water flow
4. To enhance aesthetic appeal

Answer: B) To facilitate cleaning and maintenance

Explanation:

A rodding eye allows for easy access to the Yard Gully for cleaning, maintenance, and clearing of any blockages that may occur over time.

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75. Which of the following factors is NOT typically considered when estimating the cost of a sloped roof with asbestos cement sheet roof covering?

1. Area of the roof
2. Slope of the roof
3. Type of fasteners used
4. Color of the asbestos cement sheets

Answer: D) Color of the asbestos cement sheets

Explanation:

The color of the asbestos cement sheets usually does not affect the cost estimation process.

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76. What is the primary purpose of estimating the cost of a sloped roof with Mangalore tiles roof covering?

1. To determine the quantity of materials required
2. To assess the overall project budget
3. To calculate the labor costs involved
4. All of the above

Answer: D) All of the above

Explanation:

Estimating the cost helps in determining material quantities, labor expenses, and the overall budget for the construction project.

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77. Which of the following factors is crucial for accurately estimating the cost of a sloped roof with Mangalore tiles?

1. Roof pitch
2. Roof orientation
3. Type of underlayment
4. Tile color

Answer: A) Roof pitch

Explanation:

The roof pitch significantly impacts material quantities and labor requirements, thus influencing the overall cost estimation.

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78. What role does the type of underlayment play in estimating the cost of a sloped roof with Mangalore tiles?

1. It affects the aesthetics of the roof
2. It has no significant impact on the cost estimation
3. It impacts the cost of materials and installation
4. It determines the durability of the roof

Answer: C) It impacts the cost of materials and installation

Explanation:

Different types of underlayment vary in cost, affecting the overall estimation of the roof construction project.

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79. When estimating the cost of a sloped roof with Mangalore tiles, which cost component is typically higher?

1. Material cost
2. Overhead cost
3. Equipment cost
4. Labor cost

Answer: A) Material cost

Explanation:

Material cost, including tiles, underlayment, and fasteners, often constitutes a significant portion of the total cost estimation.

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80. Which method is commonly used for estimating the quantity of Mangalore tiles required for a sloped roof?

1. Area method
2. Volume method
3. Length method
4. Weight method

Answer: A) Area method

Explanation:

The area method calculates the quantity of tiles based on the total roof area to be covered.

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81. Which type of truss is characterized by its triangular shape and diagonal members sloping towards the center?

1. Fink truss
2. Gambrel truss
3. Warren truss
4. Pratt truss

Answer: A) Fink truss

Explanation:

Fink trusses feature a triangular shape with diagonal members sloping towards the center, providing stability and support

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82. Which factor primarily influences the design of a trussed roof?

1. Architectural style
2. Local climate conditions
3. Roof span
4. Material availability

Answer: C) Roof span

Explanation:

The span of the roof determines the size and configuration of the trusses required to support the structure effectively.

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83. What is the primary purpose of using G.I. sheets as a roof cover?

1. Aesthetic enhancement
2. Structural support
3. Thermal insulation
4. Weather protection

Answer: D) Weather protection

Explanation:

G.I. sheets provide effective protection against weather elements such as rain, sun, and wind.

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84. What is an approximate estimate used for civil engineering?

1. Precise budgeting
2. Rough cost estimation
3. Detailed project planning
4. Structural analysis

Answer: B) Rough cost estimation

Explanation:

An approximate estimate provides a rough estimation of project costs at the initial stages, aiding in preliminary budgeting and decision-making.

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85. Which of the following factors is NOT considered when making an approximate estimate for a steel frame truss?

1. Equipment costs
2. Labor costs
3. Material costs
4. Detailed structural analysis

Answer: D) Detailed structural analysis

Explanation:

Approximate estimates typically do not involve detailed structural analysis but focus on material, labor, and equipment costs.

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86. Which stage of project planning typically requires an approximate estimate?

1. Conceptual design
2. Detailed design
3. Post-construction evaluation
4. Construction

Answer: A) Conceptual design

Explanation:

Approximate estimates are crucial during the conceptual design stage to assess project feasibility and budget constraints.

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87. Which factor has the most significant influence on the cost estimation of a grillage foundation?

1. Local construction regulations
2. Soil bearing capacity
3. Reinforcement requirements
4. Foundation depth

Answer: C) Reinforcement requirements

Explanation:

The amount and type of reinforcement needed for a grillage foundation have a significant impact on its cost, as it directly influences material and labor expenses.

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88. Which type of canal construction involves digging the entire canal route below ground level?

1. Canal fully in excavation
2. Canal with lining
3. Canal fully in embankment
4. None of the above

Answer: A) Canal fully in excavation

Explanation:

In a canal fully in excavation, the entire canal is dug below ground level to create the desired channel.

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89. Which factor significantly influences the estimation of Earthwork in canals?

1. Length of the canal
2. Soil type and its properties
3. Depth of water flow in the canal
4. Availability of construction equipment

Answer: B) Soil type and its properties

Explanation:

Soil type affects excavation and embankment processes, impacting the volume of earthwork required.

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90. What is the primary purpose of abstracting in quantity surveying?

1. To summarize detailed measurements
2. To conduct site inspections
3. To create architectural drawings
4. To estimate project timelines

Answer: A) To summarize detailed measurements

Explanation:

Abstracting involves summarizing detailed measurements of materials, labor, and other resources required for construction projects.

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91. Which method is commonly employed to estimate the volume of earthwork in canals?

1. Cross-section method
2. Satellite imagery analysis
3. Trial and error method
4. Ground-penetrating radar

Answer: A) Cross-section method

Explanation:

The cross-section method involves dividing the canal into segments and calculating the volume of earthwork for each segment.

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92. Which factor is NOT typically considered when estimating the cost of an R.C.C. Spun Pipe sluice?

1. Material cost
2. Labor cost
3. Equipment cost
4. Weather conditions

Answer: D) Weather conditions

Explanation:

Weather conditions may affect construction timelines; they are not directly factored into cost estimates.

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93. What is a hume pipe syphon primarily used for in civil engineering?

1. Stormwater drainage
2. Cable ducting
3. Sewage disposal
4. Irrigation purposes

Answer: C) Sewage disposal

Explanation:

Hume pipe syphons are commonly employed for conveying sewage under obstacles such as rivers, canals, or roads.

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94. Which type of measurement is commonly used in preparing Bills of Quantities?

1. Gross measurement
2. Net measurement
3. Dimensional measurement
4. Approximate measurement

Answer: B) Net measurement

Explanation:

Net measurement is commonly used in preparing Bills of Quantities, where only the actual usable quantity of materials is measured, excluding any wastage.

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95. Which stage of the construction project is the Bill of Quantities typically prepared?

1. Design stage
2. Execution stage
3. Planning stage
4. Completion stage

Answer: A) Design stage

Explanation:

Working on architectural drawings and requirements, the Bill of Quantities is usually created during the design phase of a building project.

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96. What is the purpose of including a priced Bill of Quantities in tender documents?

1. To provide a list of contractors
2. To facilitate cost estimation
3. To identify construction materials
4. To determine project timelines

Answer: B) To facilitate cost estimation

Explanation:

Provided that bidding papers include a priced Bill of Quantities, contractors can submit competitive bids and precisely estimate project costs.

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97. Which of the following is NOT typically included in the taking-off process?

1. Measurement of dimensions from drawings
2. Estimation of labor costs
3. Assessing site conditions
4. Calculating material quantities

Answer: B) Estimation of labor costs

Explanation:

Taking off primarily focuses on quantifying materials, while labor costs are typically estimated separately based on various factors.

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